organic compounds
2-Hydroxyethylammonium [2-(2,6-dichloroanilino)phenyl]acetate monohydrate
aInstitute of Bioorganic Chemistry, UzAS, M. Ulugbek Str., 83, 100125, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
*Correspondence e-mail: li_izotova@mail.ru
In the solid-state structure of the title compound derived from diclofenac, C2H8NO+·C14H10Cl2NO2−·H2O, the contains one cation, one anion and a water molecule, all in general positions. A complex network of hydrogen bonds is present in the crystal structure.
Keywords: crystal structure; diclofenac; complex; hydrogen bonding..
CCDC reference: 2168795
Structure description
The pharmaceutical diclofenac (D) is widely used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, to treat pain and inflammatory diseases (Skoutakis et al., 1988; Moser et al., 1990). The Cambridge Structural Database (CSD version 5.42, last update February 2021; Groom et al., 2016) includes crystallographic data for 50 entries with the term `diclofenac'. Among them, there are 21 entries where diclofenac is present in the form of a salt, and in three entries, diclofenac forms salts with aliphatic with (R) and (S)-phenylethylammonium (Lemmerer et al., 2010), with diethyl ammonium (Castellari et al., 2001) and with tris(2-ammonioethyl)amine (Lynch et al., 2003). In this article, we present another complex in the form of a diclofenac salt with an amino-containing compound, namely monoethanolamine. Ethanolamine is always present in significant quantities in the human and animal body with a complete protein diet. Its formation occurs during the decarboxylation of serine, and in one of the metabolic variants, it turns into glycine (the simplest aliphatic amino acid; Wishart et al., 2007). In addition, monoethanolamine is used in some cosmetic products (Knaak et al., 1997). Therefore, the interaction of these compounds seems to be interesting for investigation.
The P21/c (Fig. 1). The diclofenac anion is stabilized by one intramolecular hydrogen bond between the amino group and atom O1 of the carboxylic group: N1—H1⋯O1 [2.884 (3) Å, 128.9°; see Table 1], which forms a seven-membered ring with graph-set notation S(7) (Etter, 1990). The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings in D is 60.2 (2)°.
of the title compound has one monoethanolamine (MEA) cation, one 2-(2,6-dichloroanilino)phenyl acetic acid or diclofenac (D) anion, and one water molecule in the and crystallizes inThe ionic form of the title compound serves as a building block for the supramolecular architecture. In the crystal, the building blocks form screw-like chains along the b-axis direction, due to the crystallographic twofold screw axis, via N2—H2B⋯O1Wii hydrogen bond [2.947 (4) Å, symmetry code: (ii) −x, y − , −z + ; Fig. 2 and Table 1]. The chains are further consolidated into two-dimensional layers through N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. These layers propagate parallel to the (100) plane, where the chains are related by the glide plane c [O1W⋯O1iv, symmetry code: (iv) x, −y + , z + ; 2.809 (3) Å] and the inversion centre [N2... O2i, symmetry code: (i) −x, −y + 1, −z + 1, 2.811 (4) Å, Fig. 2]. The layers are linked by Y—X⋯Cg π–ring interactions, for C3—H3 and C7—Cl1 bonds, for which the X⋯Cg separations and γ angles range from 3.533 to 3.958 Å and from 25.03 to 28.79°.
In order to visualize the intermolecular interactions in the crystal of the title compound, a Hirshfeld surface analysis was carried out using Crystal Explorer 17.5 (Turner et al., 2017). The Hirshfeld surface mapped over dnorm shows the expected bright-red spots near atoms O1 and O2, involved in the O—H⋯O and N—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding interactions (Fig. 3). Fingerprint plots (Fig. 4) reveal that H⋯H, H⋯C/C⋯H, H⋯Cl/Cl⋯H and H⋯O/O⋯H interactions make the greatest contributions to the surface contacts (Table 1), while H⋯N/N⋯H, C⋯C and O⋯O contacts are much less significant.
Synthesis and crystallization
To a solution of 0.1 g (0.52 mmol) of D in 4 ml of ethanol, 32 µL of monoethanolamine was added. The mixture was kept in an ultrasonic bath (30 kHz) at 298 K for 5 min. The solution was then placed in a loosely closed bottle and kept at 298 K for 10 days. The precipitated prismatic crystals were selected for the single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.
Refinement
Crystal data, data collection and structure .
details are summarized in Table 2
|
Structural data
CCDC reference: 2168795
https://doi.org/10.1107/S2414314622004412/bh4068sup1.cif
contains datablock I. DOI:Structure factors: contains datablock I. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S2414314622004412/bh4068Isup2.hkl
Supporting information file. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S2414314622004412/bh4068Isup3.cml
Data collection: CrysAlis PRO (Agilent, 2014); cell
CrysAlis PRO (Agilent, 2014); data reduction: CrysAlis PRO (Agilent, 2014); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXT2018/2 (Sheldrick, 2015a); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL2018/3 (Sheldrick, 2015b); molecular graphics: XP (Siemens, 1994), Mercury (Macrae et al., 2020); software used to prepare material for publication: publCIF (Westrip, 2010).C2H8NO+·C14H10Cl2NO2−·H2O | F(000) = 784 |
Mr = 375.24 | Dx = 1.421 Mg m−3 |
Monoclinic, P21/c | Cu Kα radiation, λ = 1.54184 Å |
a = 19.1257 (10) Å | Cell parameters from 2166 reflections |
b = 9.3864 (5) Å | θ = 4.7–73.9° |
c = 10.0502 (6) Å | µ = 3.53 mm−1 |
β = 103.546 (6)° | T = 293 K |
V = 1754.05 (17) Å3 | Prism, colourless |
Z = 4 | 0.31 × 0.28 × 0.1 mm |
Agilent Technologies Xcalibur, Ruby diffractometer | 2431 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube | Rint = 0.078 |
/w scans | θmax = 76.5°, θmin = 4.8° |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (CrysAlis PRO; Agilent, 2014) | h = −23→24 |
Tmin = 0.356, Tmax = 1.000 | k = −11→6 |
12416 measured reflections | l = −12→12 |
3621 independent reflections |
Refinement on F2 | Primary atom site location: dual |
Least-squares matrix: full | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.051 | Hydrogen site location: mixed |
wR(F2) = 0.134 | H-atom parameters constrained |
S = 1.01 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0614P)2] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
3621 reflections | (Δ/σ)max < 0.001 |
222 parameters | Δρmax = 0.40 e Å−3 |
0 restraints | Δρmin = −0.35 e Å−3 |
Refinement. All hydrogen atoms were placed in idealized positions and refined as riding to their carrier atoms. |
x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | ||
Cl1 | 0.46202 (4) | 0.95109 (8) | 0.76764 (8) | 0.0441 (2) | |
Cl2 | 0.24250 (4) | 1.20690 (9) | 0.40514 (9) | 0.0500 (2) | |
O1 | 0.15000 (11) | 0.9926 (2) | 0.5897 (2) | 0.0472 (6) | |
O1W | 0.07192 (13) | 0.6316 (3) | 0.8457 (2) | 0.0558 (6) | |
H1WA | 0.103624 | 0.612215 | 0.917982 | 0.084* | |
H1WB | 0.085392 | 0.710654 | 0.818732 | 0.084* | |
N1 | 0.30390 (13) | 0.9959 (2) | 0.6226 (3) | 0.0379 (6) | |
H1 | 0.269351 | 1.041181 | 0.645204 | 0.045* | |
O2 | 0.08825 (11) | 0.8748 (3) | 0.7146 (2) | 0.0592 (7) | |
N2 | 0.03573 (14) | 0.1808 (3) | 0.4921 (3) | 0.0446 (6) | |
H2A | 0.003371 | 0.148791 | 0.419647 | 0.054* | |
H2B | 0.015651 | 0.187499 | 0.563284 | 0.054* | |
H2C | 0.072670 | 0.120586 | 0.512028 | 0.054* | |
O3 | 0.07091 (17) | 0.3857 (3) | 0.6928 (3) | 0.0762 (9) | |
H3A | 0.073883 | 0.464400 | 0.729146 | 0.114* | |
C2 | 0.42880 (15) | 1.0634 (3) | 0.6305 (3) | 0.0327 (6) | |
C14 | 0.14604 (15) | 0.9162 (3) | 0.6906 (3) | 0.0371 (7) | |
C1 | 0.35476 (15) | 1.0754 (3) | 0.5751 (3) | 0.0322 (6) | |
C12 | 0.26283 (14) | 0.7823 (3) | 0.7158 (3) | 0.0342 (6) | |
C7 | 0.30532 (15) | 0.8463 (3) | 0.6360 (3) | 0.0342 (6) | |
C8 | 0.34720 (15) | 0.7613 (3) | 0.5707 (3) | 0.0382 (7) | |
H8 | 0.374195 | 0.803323 | 0.515422 | 0.046* | |
C6 | 0.33381 (16) | 1.1786 (3) | 0.4739 (3) | 0.0359 (6) | |
C13 | 0.21653 (15) | 0.8708 (3) | 0.7865 (3) | 0.0383 (7) | |
H13A | 0.243062 | 0.955166 | 0.824815 | 0.046* | |
H13B | 0.206067 | 0.816317 | 0.861507 | 0.046* | |
C9 | 0.34871 (16) | 0.6146 (3) | 0.5877 (3) | 0.0447 (8) | |
H9 | 0.377768 | 0.559121 | 0.546037 | 0.054* | |
C5 | 0.38298 (18) | 1.2604 (3) | 0.4257 (3) | 0.0430 (7) | |
H5 | 0.366991 | 1.328721 | 0.358405 | 0.052* | |
C4 | 0.45510 (18) | 1.2404 (3) | 0.4774 (3) | 0.0459 (8) | |
H4 | 0.488229 | 1.292653 | 0.442936 | 0.055* | |
C3 | 0.47873 (16) | 1.1423 (3) | 0.5811 (3) | 0.0408 (7) | |
H3 | 0.527698 | 1.129421 | 0.617432 | 0.049* | |
C11 | 0.26455 (17) | 0.6344 (3) | 0.7292 (3) | 0.0436 (8) | |
H11 | 0.236429 | 0.590723 | 0.781473 | 0.052* | |
C10 | 0.30743 (18) | 0.5508 (3) | 0.6661 (3) | 0.0488 (8) | |
H10 | 0.308209 | 0.452307 | 0.676839 | 0.059* | |
C16 | 0.06160 (19) | 0.3234 (3) | 0.4609 (4) | 0.0515 (8) | |
H16A | 0.020800 | 0.385304 | 0.426179 | 0.062* | |
H16B | 0.088673 | 0.314490 | 0.390895 | 0.062* | |
C15 | 0.1082 (2) | 0.3869 (4) | 0.5871 (4) | 0.0593 (10) | |
H15A | 0.152356 | 0.332453 | 0.614785 | 0.071* | |
H15B | 0.120699 | 0.483999 | 0.568925 | 0.071* |
U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
Cl1 | 0.0413 (4) | 0.0418 (4) | 0.0442 (4) | 0.0030 (3) | 0.0002 (3) | 0.0044 (3) |
Cl2 | 0.0424 (4) | 0.0481 (5) | 0.0552 (5) | 0.0075 (3) | 0.0025 (4) | 0.0094 (4) |
O1 | 0.0363 (12) | 0.0534 (14) | 0.0497 (13) | 0.0053 (10) | 0.0057 (10) | 0.0195 (11) |
O1W | 0.0600 (15) | 0.0558 (16) | 0.0496 (15) | −0.0060 (12) | 0.0087 (12) | 0.0047 (11) |
N1 | 0.0349 (13) | 0.0309 (13) | 0.0525 (15) | 0.0053 (10) | 0.0196 (12) | 0.0055 (11) |
O2 | 0.0325 (12) | 0.0799 (18) | 0.0625 (16) | −0.0032 (11) | 0.0054 (11) | 0.0235 (13) |
N2 | 0.0409 (14) | 0.0497 (16) | 0.0404 (15) | 0.0072 (12) | 0.0037 (12) | −0.0030 (12) |
O3 | 0.106 (2) | 0.0641 (18) | 0.0689 (18) | −0.0190 (17) | 0.0403 (17) | −0.0214 (14) |
C2 | 0.0376 (15) | 0.0276 (14) | 0.0331 (15) | 0.0030 (12) | 0.0087 (12) | −0.0018 (12) |
C14 | 0.0317 (15) | 0.0414 (17) | 0.0364 (17) | 0.0012 (13) | 0.0043 (13) | −0.0003 (13) |
C1 | 0.0351 (15) | 0.0267 (14) | 0.0347 (15) | 0.0014 (11) | 0.0080 (12) | −0.0029 (11) |
C12 | 0.0283 (14) | 0.0355 (16) | 0.0351 (16) | 0.0000 (12) | −0.0003 (12) | 0.0050 (12) |
C7 | 0.0300 (14) | 0.0310 (15) | 0.0377 (16) | 0.0010 (11) | 0.0002 (12) | 0.0027 (12) |
C8 | 0.0328 (15) | 0.0415 (17) | 0.0389 (17) | 0.0001 (13) | 0.0056 (13) | −0.0017 (13) |
C6 | 0.0373 (15) | 0.0322 (15) | 0.0374 (16) | 0.0013 (12) | 0.0071 (13) | −0.0013 (12) |
C13 | 0.0352 (15) | 0.0428 (17) | 0.0351 (16) | −0.0017 (13) | 0.0044 (13) | 0.0068 (13) |
C9 | 0.0415 (17) | 0.0377 (17) | 0.0498 (19) | 0.0045 (14) | 0.0004 (15) | −0.0099 (15) |
C5 | 0.057 (2) | 0.0333 (16) | 0.0410 (18) | −0.0019 (14) | 0.0157 (16) | 0.0027 (13) |
C4 | 0.0494 (19) | 0.0401 (18) | 0.053 (2) | −0.0111 (15) | 0.0226 (17) | −0.0036 (15) |
C3 | 0.0346 (16) | 0.0380 (17) | 0.0505 (19) | −0.0056 (13) | 0.0115 (14) | −0.0067 (14) |
C11 | 0.0441 (18) | 0.0387 (17) | 0.0447 (19) | −0.0035 (14) | 0.0039 (15) | 0.0110 (14) |
C10 | 0.052 (2) | 0.0313 (16) | 0.058 (2) | −0.0001 (14) | 0.0025 (17) | 0.0041 (15) |
C16 | 0.059 (2) | 0.0442 (19) | 0.049 (2) | 0.0028 (16) | 0.0073 (17) | 0.0046 (15) |
C15 | 0.055 (2) | 0.064 (2) | 0.058 (2) | −0.0107 (18) | 0.0104 (18) | −0.0099 (19) |
Cl1—C2 | 1.734 (3) | C7—C8 | 1.398 (4) |
Cl2—C6 | 1.741 (3) | C8—C9 | 1.387 (4) |
O1—C14 | 1.259 (3) | C8—H8 | 0.9300 |
O1W—H1WA | 0.8501 | C6—C5 | 1.387 (4) |
O1W—H1WB | 0.8504 | C13—H13A | 0.9700 |
N1—C1 | 1.396 (3) | C13—H13B | 0.9700 |
N1—C7 | 1.410 (3) | C9—C10 | 1.377 (4) |
N1—H1 | 0.8600 | C9—H9 | 0.9300 |
O2—C14 | 1.248 (3) | C5—C4 | 1.368 (5) |
N2—C16 | 1.486 (4) | C5—H5 | 0.9300 |
N2—H2A | 0.8900 | C4—C3 | 1.384 (4) |
N2—H2B | 0.8900 | C4—H4 | 0.9300 |
N2—H2C | 0.8900 | C3—H3 | 0.9300 |
O3—C15 | 1.412 (4) | C11—C10 | 1.391 (5) |
O3—H3A | 0.8200 | C11—H11 | 0.9300 |
C2—C3 | 1.389 (4) | C10—H10 | 0.9300 |
C2—C1 | 1.400 (4) | C16—C15 | 1.494 (5) |
C14—C13 | 1.523 (4) | C16—H16A | 0.9700 |
C1—C6 | 1.394 (4) | C16—H16B | 0.9700 |
C12—C11 | 1.395 (4) | C15—H15A | 0.9700 |
C12—C7 | 1.403 (4) | C15—H15B | 0.9700 |
C12—C13 | 1.508 (4) | ||
H1WA—O1W—H1WB | 104.5 | C14—C13—H13A | 109.0 |
C1—N1—C7 | 124.4 (2) | C12—C13—H13B | 109.0 |
C1—N1—H1 | 117.8 | C14—C13—H13B | 109.0 |
C7—N1—H1 | 117.8 | H13A—C13—H13B | 107.8 |
C16—N2—H2A | 109.5 | C10—C9—C8 | 120.3 (3) |
C16—N2—H2B | 109.5 | C10—C9—H9 | 119.8 |
H2A—N2—H2B | 109.5 | C8—C9—H9 | 119.8 |
C16—N2—H2C | 109.5 | C4—C5—C6 | 119.8 (3) |
H2A—N2—H2C | 109.5 | C4—C5—H5 | 120.1 |
H2B—N2—H2C | 109.5 | C6—C5—H5 | 120.1 |
C15—O3—H3A | 109.5 | C5—C4—C3 | 120.0 (3) |
C3—C2—C1 | 122.1 (3) | C5—C4—H4 | 120.0 |
C3—C2—Cl1 | 117.0 (2) | C3—C4—H4 | 120.0 |
C1—C2—Cl1 | 120.9 (2) | C4—C3—C2 | 119.5 (3) |
O2—C14—O1 | 123.9 (3) | C4—C3—H3 | 120.2 |
O2—C14—C13 | 118.9 (3) | C2—C3—H3 | 120.2 |
O1—C14—C13 | 117.2 (3) | C10—C11—C12 | 121.4 (3) |
C6—C1—N1 | 121.1 (3) | C10—C11—H11 | 119.3 |
C6—C1—C2 | 115.9 (3) | C12—C11—H11 | 119.3 |
N1—C1—C2 | 122.8 (3) | C9—C10—C11 | 119.6 (3) |
C11—C12—C7 | 118.5 (3) | C9—C10—H10 | 120.2 |
C11—C12—C13 | 120.4 (3) | C11—C10—H10 | 120.2 |
C7—C12—C13 | 121.1 (3) | N2—C16—C15 | 110.0 (3) |
C8—C7—C12 | 119.7 (3) | N2—C16—H16A | 109.7 |
C8—C7—N1 | 121.6 (3) | C15—C16—H16A | 109.7 |
C12—C7—N1 | 118.7 (3) | N2—C16—H16B | 109.7 |
C9—C8—C7 | 120.4 (3) | C15—C16—H16B | 109.7 |
C9—C8—H8 | 119.8 | H16A—C16—H16B | 108.2 |
C7—C8—H8 | 119.8 | O3—C15—C16 | 109.2 (3) |
C5—C6—C1 | 122.5 (3) | O3—C15—H15A | 109.8 |
C5—C6—Cl2 | 118.4 (2) | C16—C15—H15A | 109.8 |
C1—C6—Cl2 | 119.1 (2) | O3—C15—H15B | 109.8 |
C12—C13—C14 | 112.7 (2) | C16—C15—H15B | 109.8 |
C12—C13—H13A | 109.0 | H15A—C15—H15B | 108.3 |
C7—N1—C1—C6 | 131.3 (3) | C2—C1—C6—Cl2 | −176.9 (2) |
C7—N1—C1—C2 | −52.7 (4) | C11—C12—C13—C14 | −100.2 (3) |
C3—C2—C1—C6 | −4.4 (4) | C7—C12—C13—C14 | 80.1 (3) |
Cl1—C2—C1—C6 | 174.1 (2) | O2—C14—C13—C12 | 117.9 (3) |
C3—C2—C1—N1 | 179.4 (3) | O1—C14—C13—C12 | −61.2 (4) |
Cl1—C2—C1—N1 | −2.1 (4) | C7—C8—C9—C10 | 1.8 (4) |
C11—C12—C7—C8 | 0.9 (4) | C1—C6—C5—C4 | 0.3 (5) |
C13—C12—C7—C8 | −179.4 (3) | Cl2—C6—C5—C4 | −179.8 (2) |
C11—C12—C7—N1 | −179.8 (3) | C6—C5—C4—C3 | −2.4 (5) |
C13—C12—C7—N1 | −0.1 (4) | C5—C4—C3—C2 | 0.9 (5) |
C1—N1—C7—C8 | −16.6 (4) | C1—C2—C3—C4 | 2.6 (4) |
C1—N1—C7—C12 | 164.1 (3) | Cl1—C2—C3—C4 | −176.0 (2) |
C12—C7—C8—C9 | −2.0 (4) | C7—C12—C11—C10 | 0.3 (4) |
N1—C7—C8—C9 | 178.7 (3) | C13—C12—C11—C10 | −179.3 (3) |
N1—C1—C6—C5 | 179.3 (3) | C8—C9—C10—C11 | −0.5 (5) |
C2—C1—C6—C5 | 3.0 (4) | C12—C11—C10—C9 | −0.5 (5) |
N1—C1—C6—Cl2 | −0.6 (4) | N2—C16—C15—O3 | −53.2 (4) |
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
N1—H1···O1 | 0.86 | 2.27 | 2.884 (3) | 129 |
N2—H2A···O2i | 0.89 | 1.96 | 2.811 (4) | 160 |
N2—H2B···O1Wii | 0.89 | 2.15 | 2.947 (4) | 148 |
N2—H2C···O1iii | 0.89 | 1.92 | 2.802 (3) | 169 |
O3—H3A···O1W | 0.82 | 1.96 | 2.770 (4) | 168 |
O1W—H1WB···O2 | 0.85 | 1.87 | 2.690 (3) | 161 |
O1W—H1WA···O1iv | 0.85 | 2.00 | 2.809 (3) | 158 |
Symmetry codes: (i) −x, −y+1, −z+1; (ii) −x, y−1/2, −z+3/2; (iii) x, y−1, z; (iv) x, −y+3/2, z+1/2. |
Funding information
Funding for this research was provided by: Uzbek Academy of Sciences.
References
Agilent (2014). CrysAlis PRO. Agilent Technologies Ltd, Yarnton, England. Google Scholar
Castellari, C., Comelli, F. & Ottani, S. (2001). Acta Cryst. C57, 437–438. Web of Science CSD CrossRef CAS IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Etter, M. C. (1990). Acc. Chem. Res. 23, 120–126. CrossRef CAS Web of Science Google Scholar
Groom, C. R., Bruno, I. J., Lightfoot, M. P. & Ward, S. C. (2016). Acta Cryst. B72, 171–179. Web of Science CrossRef IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Knaak, J. B., Leung, H. W., Stott, W. T., Busch, J. & Bilsky, J. (1997). Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 149, 1–86. CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Lemmerer, A., Bourne, S. A., Caira, M. R., Cotton, J., Hendricks, U., Peinke, L. C. & Trollope, L. (2010). CrystEngComm, 12, 3634–3641. Web of Science CSD CrossRef CAS Google Scholar
Lynch, D. E., Bening, A. S. & Parsons, S. (2003). Acta Cryst. E59, o1314–o1317. CSD CrossRef IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Macrae, C. F., Sovago, I., Cottrell, S. J., Galek, P. T. A., McCabe, P., Pidcock, E., Platings, M., Shields, G. P., Stevens, J. S., Towler, M. & Wood, P. A. (2020). J. Appl. Cryst. 53, 226–235. Web of Science CrossRef CAS IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Moser, P., Sallmann, A. & Wiesenberg, I. (1990). J. Med. Chem. 33, 2358–2368. CSD CrossRef CAS PubMed Web of Science Google Scholar
Sheldrick, G. M. (2015a). Acta Cryst. A71, 3–8. Web of Science CrossRef IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Sheldrick, G. M. (2015b). Acta Cryst. C71, 3–8. Web of Science CrossRef IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Siemens (1994). XP. Siemens Analytical X-Ray Instruments Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Google Scholar
Skoutakis, V. A., Carter, C. A., Mickle, T. R., Smith, V. H., Arkin, C. R., Alissandratos, J. & Petty, D. E. (1988). Drug Intell. Clin. Pharm. 22, 850–859. CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Turner, M. J., McKinnon, J. J., Wolff, S. K., Grimwood, D. J., Spackman, P. R., Jayatilaka, D. & Spackman, M. A. (2017). Crystal Explorer 17.5. University of Western Australia. Google Scholar
Westrip, S. P. (2010). J. Appl. Cryst. 43, 920–925. Web of Science CrossRef CAS IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Wishart, D. S., Tzur, D., Knox, C., Eisner, R., Guo, A. Ch., Young, N., Cheng, D., Jewell, K., Arndt, D., Sawhney, S., Fung, C., Nikolai, L., Lewis, M., Coutouly, M. A., Forsythe, I., Tang, P., Shrivastava, S., Jeroncic, K., Stothard, P., Amegbey, G., Block, D., Hau, D. D., Wagner, J., Miniaci, J., Clements, M., Gebremedhin, M., Guo, N., Zhang, Y., Duggan, G. E., Macinnis, G. D., Weljie, A. M., Dowlatabadi, R., Bamforth, F., Clive, D., Greiner, R., Li, L., Marrie, T., Sykes, B. D., Vogel, H. J. & Querengesser, L. (2007). Nucleic Acids Res. 35, D521–D526. CrossRef PubMed CAS Google Scholar
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and source are cited.