organic compounds
8-Hydroxy-3,4-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-isochromen-1-one
aOrganic & Bio-organic Chemistry, CSIR Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, India
*Correspondence e-mail: umanarayanclri@gmail.com
In the title compound, C23H18O5, the two methoxy-substituted benzene rings are inclined to one another by 67.0 (2)° and to the mean plane of the 1H-isochromene ring system by 67.21 (16) and 27.61 (17)°. There is an intramolecular C—H⋯π interaction present involving the two 4-methoxyphenyl rings. In the crystal, molecules are linked by O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming chains propagating along the [301] direction. The chains are linked by a number of C—H⋯π interactions, forming a three-dimensional structure.
Keywords: crystal structure; chromene; 1H-isochromen-1-one; hydrogen bonding.
CCDC reference: 1540578
Structure description
Chromene derivatives are important et al., 1996; Ercole et al., 2009). They exhibit a number of pharmacological activities, such as anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-allergic and anticancer (Khan et al., 2010; Raj et al., 2010).
that have a variety of industrial, biological and chemical synthesis applications (GeenThe title compound, Fig. 1, consists of a chromene moiety substituted by two methoxyphenyl groups and an hydroxy group. The two benzene rings (C10–C15 and C17–C22) are inclined to one another by 67.0 (2)° and to the mean plane of the 1H-isochromene ring system (O1/C1–C9) by 67.21 (16) and 27.61 (17)°, respectively. The 1H-isochromene moiety is planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.043 Å) and atoms O2 and O3 deviate from this mean plane by −0.121 (3) and 0.058 (5) Å, respectively. There is an intramolecular C—H⋯π interaction present involving the two 4-methoxyphenyl rings (Table 1 and Fig. 1).
In the crystal, molecules are linked by O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming chains propagating along [301]; Table 1 and Fig. 2. The chains are linked by a number of C—H⋯π interactions, forming a three-dimensional structure
Synthesis and crystallization
To a dried 50 ml round-bottom flask, fitted with a reflux condenser, were added 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (0.3 mmol), 1,2-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyne (0.3 mmol), [RuCl2(p-cymene)] (5.0 mol %), AgOAc (1.0 equiv) and AgSbF6 (20 mol %) in 1,2-dichloroethane. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 12 h. After cooling to ambient temperature, the reaction mixture was diluted with CH2Cl2, filtered through Celite and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified through a silica gel column using hexane and ethyl acetate as The title compound was obtained in 65% yield. It was recrystallized by slow evaporation of a solution in chloroform, yielding colourless block-like crystals.
Refinement
Crystal data, data collection and structure .
details are summarized in Table 2
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Structural data
CCDC reference: 1540578
https://doi.org/10.1107/S2414314617005351/su4147sup1.cif
contains datablocks global, I. DOI:Structure factors: contains datablock I. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S2414314617005351/su4147Isup2.hkl
Supporting information file. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S2414314617005351/su4147Isup3.cml
Data collection: APEX2 (Bruker, 2014); cell
SAINT (Bruker, 2014); data reduction: SAINT (Bruker, 2014); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008) and PLATON (Spek, 2009).C23H18O5 | F(000) = 784 |
Mr = 374.37 | Dx = 1.367 Mg m−3 |
Monoclinic, P21/n | Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å |
Hall symbol: -P 2yn | Cell parameters from 1375 reflections |
a = 5.8882 (7) Å | θ = 2.2–24.2° |
b = 16.418 (3) Å | µ = 0.10 mm−1 |
c = 18.894 (3) Å | T = 296 K |
β = 95.016 (5)° | Block, colourless |
V = 1819.5 (5) Å3 | 0.25 × 0.22 × 0.16 mm |
Z = 4 |
Bruker SMART APEXII CCD diffractometer | 2910 independent reflections |
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube | 1375 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Graphite monochromator | Rint = 0.068 |
ω and φ scans | θmax = 24.2°, θmin = 2.2° |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Bruker, 2014) | h = −6→4 |
Tmin = 0.976, Tmax = 0.985 | k = −15→18 |
9449 measured reflections | l = −21→21 |
Refinement on F2 | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
Least-squares matrix: full | Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.061 | H-atom parameters constrained |
wR(F2) = 0.197 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0901P)2] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
S = 1.01 | (Δ/σ)max < 0.001 |
2910 reflections | Δρmax = 0.29 e Å−3 |
257 parameters | Δρmin = −0.23 e Å−3 |
0 restraints | Extinction correction: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008), Fc*=kFc[1+0.001xFc2λ3/sin(2θ)]-1/4 |
Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods | Extinction coefficient: 0.006 (2) |
Geometry. All esds (except the esd in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell esds are taken into account individually in the estimation of esds in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between esds in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell esds is used for estimating esds involving l.s. planes. |
Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > 2sigma(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger. |
x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | ||
C1 | 1.4796 (7) | 0.1453 (3) | 0.6993 (2) | 0.0573 (12) | |
C2 | 1.6348 (7) | 0.0900 (3) | 0.6765 (2) | 0.0606 (12) | |
H2 | 1.7539 | 0.0716 | 0.7081 | 0.073* | |
C3 | 1.6147 (6) | 0.0621 (3) | 0.6080 (2) | 0.0583 (12) | |
H3 | 1.7190 | 0.0243 | 0.5936 | 0.070* | |
C4 | 1.4399 (6) | 0.0896 (2) | 0.55963 (19) | 0.0490 (11) | |
H4 | 1.4289 | 0.0704 | 0.5132 | 0.059* | |
C5 | 1.2825 (6) | 0.1453 (2) | 0.58020 (18) | 0.0423 (10) | |
C6 | 1.1052 (6) | 0.1788 (2) | 0.52959 (18) | 0.0420 (10) | |
C7 | 0.9648 (6) | 0.2358 (3) | 0.55146 (18) | 0.0470 (10) | |
C8 | 1.1367 (7) | 0.2303 (3) | 0.6731 (2) | 0.0594 (12) | |
C9 | 1.3006 (6) | 0.1729 (2) | 0.65103 (19) | 0.0469 (10) | |
C10 | 1.0851 (5) | 0.1492 (2) | 0.45471 (18) | 0.0433 (10) | |
C11 | 1.2498 (6) | 0.1688 (2) | 0.40897 (19) | 0.0483 (11) | |
H11 | 1.3791 | 0.1975 | 0.4263 | 0.058* | |
C12 | 1.2242 (6) | 0.1464 (3) | 0.33848 (19) | 0.0514 (11) | |
H12 | 1.3341 | 0.1612 | 0.3084 | 0.062* | |
C13 | 1.0352 (6) | 0.1020 (3) | 0.3123 (2) | 0.0522 (11) | |
C14 | 0.8745 (6) | 0.0802 (3) | 0.3572 (2) | 0.0586 (12) | |
H14 | 0.7480 | 0.0499 | 0.3401 | 0.070* | |
C15 | 0.9007 (6) | 0.1033 (2) | 0.4279 (2) | 0.0527 (11) | |
H15 | 0.7918 | 0.0876 | 0.4580 | 0.063* | |
C16 | 0.8276 (8) | 0.0444 (4) | 0.2115 (2) | 0.1003 (19) | |
H16A | 0.8093 | −0.0066 | 0.2352 | 0.150* | |
H16B | 0.8410 | 0.0347 | 0.1619 | 0.150* | |
H16C | 0.6973 | 0.0783 | 0.2168 | 0.150* | |
C17 | 0.7859 (6) | 0.2841 (2) | 0.5105 (2) | 0.0508 (11) | |
C18 | 0.7925 (7) | 0.3006 (3) | 0.4386 (2) | 0.0651 (13) | |
H18 | 0.9111 | 0.2796 | 0.4147 | 0.078* | |
C19 | 0.6284 (8) | 0.3471 (3) | 0.4019 (3) | 0.0772 (14) | |
H19 | 0.6361 | 0.3570 | 0.3537 | 0.093* | |
C20 | 0.4544 (8) | 0.3789 (3) | 0.4359 (3) | 0.0720 (14) | |
C21 | 0.4392 (6) | 0.3655 (3) | 0.5068 (3) | 0.0709 (14) | |
H21 | 0.3202 | 0.3878 | 0.5297 | 0.085* | |
C22 | 0.6072 (7) | 0.3173 (3) | 0.5446 (2) | 0.0628 (12) | |
H22 | 0.5985 | 0.3076 | 0.5927 | 0.075* | |
C23 | 0.1536 (9) | 0.4761 (4) | 0.4247 (4) | 0.126 (2) | |
H23A | 0.0418 | 0.4439 | 0.4461 | 0.189* | |
H23B | 0.0787 | 0.5117 | 0.3898 | 0.189* | |
H23C | 0.2381 | 0.5079 | 0.4607 | 0.189* | |
O1 | 0.9793 (4) | 0.26094 (17) | 0.62196 (13) | 0.0592 (8) | |
O2 | 1.1211 (5) | 0.2567 (2) | 0.73262 (15) | 0.0907 (12) | |
O3 | 1.5022 (7) | 0.1731 (3) | 0.76879 (19) | 0.1251 (15) | |
H3A | 1.6270 | 0.1594 | 0.7878 | 0.188* | |
O4 | 1.0245 (5) | 0.08343 (19) | 0.24135 (14) | 0.0747 (10) | |
O5 | 0.2996 (6) | 0.4257 (2) | 0.3928 (2) | 0.1062 (13) |
U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
C1 | 0.067 (3) | 0.066 (3) | 0.038 (2) | −0.002 (2) | −0.003 (2) | −0.014 (2) |
C2 | 0.063 (2) | 0.066 (3) | 0.050 (3) | 0.007 (2) | −0.007 (2) | −0.001 (2) |
C3 | 0.059 (2) | 0.054 (3) | 0.062 (3) | 0.009 (2) | 0.007 (2) | 0.005 (2) |
C4 | 0.055 (2) | 0.052 (3) | 0.040 (2) | −0.005 (2) | 0.0045 (19) | 0.000 (2) |
C5 | 0.050 (2) | 0.035 (3) | 0.042 (2) | −0.006 (2) | 0.0065 (18) | −0.0031 (19) |
C6 | 0.044 (2) | 0.044 (3) | 0.039 (2) | −0.0020 (19) | 0.0070 (17) | −0.0011 (19) |
C7 | 0.051 (2) | 0.052 (3) | 0.038 (2) | −0.007 (2) | 0.0047 (18) | −0.007 (2) |
C8 | 0.066 (3) | 0.061 (3) | 0.051 (3) | 0.000 (2) | 0.004 (2) | −0.001 (2) |
C9 | 0.052 (2) | 0.049 (3) | 0.040 (2) | 0.001 (2) | 0.0012 (18) | −0.0017 (19) |
C10 | 0.042 (2) | 0.046 (3) | 0.042 (2) | −0.0021 (19) | 0.0036 (17) | 0.0012 (19) |
C11 | 0.046 (2) | 0.049 (3) | 0.049 (2) | −0.0093 (19) | 0.0027 (18) | 0.001 (2) |
C12 | 0.054 (2) | 0.058 (3) | 0.043 (2) | −0.007 (2) | 0.0113 (18) | 0.007 (2) |
C13 | 0.054 (2) | 0.059 (3) | 0.043 (2) | 0.000 (2) | −0.001 (2) | −0.004 (2) |
C14 | 0.052 (2) | 0.068 (3) | 0.054 (3) | −0.017 (2) | −0.004 (2) | −0.008 (2) |
C15 | 0.048 (2) | 0.063 (3) | 0.048 (3) | −0.011 (2) | 0.0079 (18) | −0.001 (2) |
C16 | 0.112 (4) | 0.120 (5) | 0.065 (3) | −0.021 (4) | −0.013 (3) | −0.026 (3) |
C17 | 0.049 (2) | 0.039 (3) | 0.064 (3) | −0.005 (2) | 0.002 (2) | −0.002 (2) |
C18 | 0.060 (3) | 0.067 (4) | 0.067 (3) | 0.000 (2) | −0.001 (2) | 0.017 (3) |
C19 | 0.071 (3) | 0.076 (4) | 0.082 (3) | −0.006 (3) | −0.007 (3) | 0.011 (3) |
C20 | 0.067 (3) | 0.054 (3) | 0.090 (4) | −0.005 (3) | −0.025 (3) | 0.009 (3) |
C21 | 0.046 (2) | 0.058 (4) | 0.107 (4) | −0.005 (2) | −0.006 (3) | −0.020 (3) |
C22 | 0.066 (3) | 0.054 (3) | 0.068 (3) | −0.008 (2) | 0.004 (2) | −0.005 (2) |
C23 | 0.084 (4) | 0.080 (5) | 0.207 (7) | 0.014 (4) | −0.026 (4) | −0.037 (5) |
O1 | 0.0656 (17) | 0.061 (2) | 0.0511 (18) | 0.0081 (15) | 0.0062 (14) | −0.0058 (15) |
O2 | 0.109 (2) | 0.113 (3) | 0.0491 (19) | 0.037 (2) | 0.0023 (17) | −0.0251 (19) |
O3 | 0.136 (3) | 0.156 (4) | 0.079 (3) | 0.016 (3) | −0.015 (2) | −0.019 (3) |
O4 | 0.083 (2) | 0.095 (3) | 0.0435 (18) | −0.0101 (18) | −0.0063 (14) | −0.0165 (16) |
O5 | 0.085 (2) | 0.096 (3) | 0.131 (3) | 0.010 (2) | −0.028 (2) | 0.003 (2) |
C1—C2 | 1.383 (5) | C13—C14 | 1.372 (5) |
C1—O3 | 1.386 (5) | C14—C15 | 1.384 (5) |
C1—C9 | 1.407 (5) | C14—H14 | 0.9300 |
C2—C3 | 1.369 (5) | C15—H15 | 0.9300 |
C2—H2 | 0.9300 | C16—O4 | 1.400 (5) |
C3—C4 | 1.391 (5) | C16—H16A | 0.9600 |
C3—H3 | 0.9300 | C16—H16B | 0.9600 |
C4—C5 | 1.382 (5) | C16—H16C | 0.9600 |
C4—H4 | 0.9300 | C17—C18 | 1.389 (5) |
C5—C9 | 1.408 (5) | C17—C22 | 1.392 (5) |
C5—C6 | 1.460 (5) | C18—C19 | 1.371 (6) |
C6—C7 | 1.338 (5) | C18—H18 | 0.9300 |
C6—C10 | 1.491 (5) | C19—C20 | 1.359 (6) |
C7—O1 | 1.390 (4) | C19—H19 | 0.9300 |
C7—C17 | 1.482 (5) | C20—C21 | 1.369 (6) |
C8—O2 | 1.216 (4) | C20—O5 | 1.398 (5) |
C8—O1 | 1.374 (4) | C21—C22 | 1.411 (6) |
C8—C9 | 1.436 (6) | C21—H21 | 0.9300 |
C10—C15 | 1.381 (5) | C22—H22 | 0.9300 |
C10—C11 | 1.392 (5) | C23—O5 | 1.370 (6) |
C11—C12 | 1.377 (5) | C23—H23A | 0.9600 |
C11—H11 | 0.9300 | C23—H23B | 0.9600 |
C12—C13 | 1.385 (5) | C23—H23C | 0.9600 |
C12—H12 | 0.9300 | O3—H3A | 0.8200 |
C13—O4 | 1.371 (4) | ||
C2—C1—O3 | 119.9 (4) | C13—C14—H14 | 120.0 |
C2—C1—C9 | 119.2 (4) | C15—C14—H14 | 120.0 |
O3—C1—C9 | 120.8 (4) | C10—C15—C14 | 121.4 (4) |
C3—C2—C1 | 120.6 (4) | C10—C15—H15 | 119.3 |
C3—C2—H2 | 119.7 | C14—C15—H15 | 119.3 |
C1—C2—H2 | 119.7 | O4—C16—H16A | 109.5 |
C2—C3—C4 | 120.7 (4) | O4—C16—H16B | 109.5 |
C2—C3—H3 | 119.6 | H16A—C16—H16B | 109.5 |
C4—C3—H3 | 119.6 | O4—C16—H16C | 109.5 |
C5—C4—C3 | 120.4 (4) | H16A—C16—H16C | 109.5 |
C5—C4—H4 | 119.8 | H16B—C16—H16C | 109.5 |
C3—C4—H4 | 119.8 | C18—C17—C22 | 117.6 (4) |
C4—C5—C9 | 118.9 (3) | C18—C17—C7 | 122.4 (4) |
C4—C5—C6 | 121.6 (3) | C22—C17—C7 | 119.9 (4) |
C9—C5—C6 | 119.5 (3) | C19—C18—C17 | 121.5 (4) |
C7—C6—C5 | 119.1 (3) | C19—C18—H18 | 119.2 |
C7—C6—C10 | 121.4 (3) | C17—C18—H18 | 119.2 |
C5—C6—C10 | 119.5 (3) | C20—C19—C18 | 120.2 (5) |
C6—C7—O1 | 121.1 (3) | C20—C19—H19 | 119.9 |
C6—C7—C17 | 130.0 (3) | C18—C19—H19 | 119.9 |
O1—C7—C17 | 108.9 (3) | C19—C20—C21 | 121.2 (4) |
O2—C8—O1 | 114.8 (4) | C19—C20—O5 | 114.6 (5) |
O2—C8—C9 | 127.5 (4) | C21—C20—O5 | 124.2 (5) |
O1—C8—C9 | 117.7 (4) | C20—C21—C22 | 118.8 (4) |
C1—C9—C5 | 120.1 (4) | C20—C21—H21 | 120.6 |
C1—C9—C8 | 120.5 (4) | C22—C21—H21 | 120.6 |
C5—C9—C8 | 119.3 (3) | C17—C22—C21 | 120.7 (4) |
C15—C10—C11 | 117.8 (3) | C17—C22—H22 | 119.6 |
C15—C10—C6 | 121.4 (3) | C21—C22—H22 | 119.6 |
C11—C10—C6 | 120.8 (3) | O5—C23—H23A | 109.5 |
C12—C11—C10 | 121.1 (3) | O5—C23—H23B | 109.5 |
C12—C11—H11 | 119.5 | H23A—C23—H23B | 109.5 |
C10—C11—H11 | 119.5 | O5—C23—H23C | 109.5 |
C11—C12—C13 | 120.1 (3) | H23A—C23—H23C | 109.5 |
C11—C12—H12 | 119.9 | H23B—C23—H23C | 109.5 |
C13—C12—H12 | 119.9 | C8—O1—C7 | 123.1 (3) |
O4—C13—C14 | 124.8 (3) | C1—O3—H3A | 109.5 |
O4—C13—C12 | 115.6 (3) | C13—O4—C16 | 117.5 (3) |
C14—C13—C12 | 119.5 (3) | C23—O5—C20 | 118.6 (5) |
C13—C14—C15 | 120.0 (3) | ||
O3—C1—C2—C3 | −179.9 (4) | C6—C10—C11—C12 | −175.5 (4) |
C9—C1—C2—C3 | −0.2 (6) | C10—C11—C12—C13 | −1.6 (6) |
C1—C2—C3—C4 | 0.9 (6) | C11—C12—C13—O4 | 179.4 (4) |
C2—C3—C4—C5 | −0.4 (6) | C11—C12—C13—C14 | −0.3 (6) |
C3—C4—C5—C9 | −0.8 (6) | O4—C13—C14—C15 | −179.0 (4) |
C3—C4—C5—C6 | 176.4 (3) | C12—C13—C14—C15 | 0.7 (6) |
C4—C5—C6—C7 | −176.4 (4) | C11—C10—C15—C14 | −2.6 (6) |
C9—C5—C6—C7 | 0.8 (5) | C6—C10—C15—C14 | 175.8 (4) |
C4—C5—C6—C10 | 3.2 (5) | C13—C14—C15—C10 | 0.8 (6) |
C9—C5—C6—C10 | −179.6 (3) | C6—C7—C17—C18 | −26.0 (6) |
C5—C6—C7—O1 | −2.8 (5) | O1—C7—C17—C18 | 151.4 (4) |
C10—C6—C7—O1 | 177.6 (3) | C6—C7—C17—C22 | 156.4 (4) |
C5—C6—C7—C17 | 174.4 (3) | O1—C7—C17—C22 | −26.2 (5) |
C10—C6—C7—C17 | −5.3 (6) | C22—C17—C18—C19 | −0.6 (6) |
C2—C1—C9—C5 | −1.0 (6) | C7—C17—C18—C19 | −178.3 (4) |
O3—C1—C9—C5 | 178.8 (4) | C17—C18—C19—C20 | 0.4 (7) |
C2—C1—C9—C8 | −180.0 (4) | C18—C19—C20—C21 | 0.2 (7) |
O3—C1—C9—C8 | −0.3 (6) | C18—C19—C20—O5 | 179.5 (4) |
C4—C5—C9—C1 | 1.4 (6) | C19—C20—C21—C22 | −0.5 (7) |
C6—C5—C9—C1 | −175.8 (3) | O5—C20—C21—C22 | −179.7 (4) |
C4—C5—C9—C8 | −179.5 (4) | C18—C17—C22—C21 | 0.3 (6) |
C6—C5—C9—C8 | 3.2 (5) | C7—C17—C22—C21 | 178.0 (4) |
O2—C8—C9—C1 | −5.2 (7) | C20—C21—C22—C17 | 0.2 (6) |
O1—C8—C9—C1 | 173.9 (3) | O2—C8—O1—C7 | −177.5 (4) |
O2—C8—C9—C5 | 175.8 (4) | C9—C8—O1—C7 | 3.4 (5) |
O1—C8—C9—C5 | −5.2 (6) | C6—C7—O1—C8 | 0.7 (5) |
C7—C6—C10—C15 | −68.8 (5) | C17—C7—O1—C8 | −177.0 (3) |
C5—C6—C10—C15 | 111.6 (4) | C14—C13—O4—C16 | 4.8 (6) |
C7—C6—C10—C11 | 109.6 (4) | C12—C13—O4—C16 | −174.9 (4) |
C5—C6—C10—C11 | −70.0 (5) | C19—C20—O5—C23 | −164.1 (5) |
C15—C10—C11—C12 | 3.0 (6) | C21—C20—O5—C23 | 15.2 (7) |
Cg3 and Cg4 are the centroids of benzene rings C10–C15 and C17–C22, respectively. |
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
O3—H3A···O5i | 0.82 | 2.56 | 3.236 (5) | 140 |
C18—H18···Cg3 | 0.93 | 2.77 | 3.494 (5) | 135 |
C3—H3···Cg3ii | 0.93 | 2.79 | 3.611 (5) | 148 |
C11—H11···Cg4iii | 0.93 | 2.73 | 3.593 (4) | 155 |
C23—H23C···Cg4iv | 0.96 | 3.00 | 3.872 (7) | 152 |
Symmetry codes: (i) x+3/2, −y+1/2, z+1/2; (ii) −x+3, −y, −z+1; (iii) x+1, y, z; (iv) −x+1, −y+1, −z+1. |
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Department of Chemistry, IIT, Chennai, India, for the
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