organic compounds
2-(6-Methyl-1-benzofuran-3-yl)acetic acid
aDepartment of Physics, Govt. First Grade College, Mulbagal, Kolar Dist. 563 131, Karnataka, India, bDepartment of Physics, Govt. College for Women, Mandya 571 401, Karnataka, India, cDepartment of Physics, Govt. College for Women, Kolar 563 101, Karnataka, India, dDepartment of Chemistry, P.C Jabin Science College, Hubli 580 031, Karnataka, India, eDepartment of Physics, Govt. First Grade College, Malur, Kolar 563 160, Karnataka, India, and fDepartment of Physics, Sapthagiri College of Engineering, Bangalore 560 057, Karnataka, India
*Correspondence e-mail: kvarjunagowda@gmail.com
The 11H10O3, contains two crystallographically independent molecules (A and B) with nearly matching conformations. Both molecules are almost planar [r.m.s. overlay fit for the non-hydrogen atoms = 0.011 (1) Å] and in each molecule there is a short intramolecular C—H⋯O contact. In both molecules, the OH group of the acetic acid residue occupies a position approximately antiperiplanar to the C atom of the heterocycle. In the crystal, the two molecules are linked by a pair of O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, enclosing an R22(8) ring motif and forming an A–B dimer. The dimers are linked by C—H⋯π interactions, forming columns along the [010] direction.
of the title compound, CKeywords: crystal structure; benzofuran; hydrogen bonding; C—H⋯π interactions.
CCDC reference: 1484421
Structure description
Benzofuran derivatives have occupied an important place among various heterocycles by virtue of their involvement in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery (Hiremathad et al., 2015). Carboxylic acids such as arylalkanoic acids exhibit interesting anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic properties, and so have been in wide clinical use for a number of years (Basanagouda et al. 2015).
The A = C1–C11/O1–O3 and B = C12–C22/O4–O6), which are almost identical (Fig. 1). Both molecules are almost planar with an r.m.s. overlay fit for the non-hydrogen atoms of 0.011 (1) Å. In each molecule there is a short intramolecular C—H⋯O contact present (Table 1). The bond lengths and angles of the title molecules are close to those observed for similar structures, viz. 2-(5-methoxy-1-benzofuran-3-yl)acetic acid (Gowda et al., 2015) and 2-(5-methyl-1-benzofuran-3-yl)acetic acid (Ramprasad et al., 2016).
of the title compound contains two crystallographically independent molecules (In the crystal, the molecules are linked by a pair of O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, enclosing an (8), ring motif and forming an A–B dimer (Fig. 2 and Table 1). The dimers are linked by C—H⋯π interactions forming columns along the [010] direction; see Table 1.
Synthesis and crystallization
The title compound was synthesized according to a reported procedure (Basanagouda et al., 2015). 7-Methyl-4-bromomethylcoumarin (10 mM) was refluxed in 1 M NaOH (100 ml) for 2 h (the completion of the reaction was monitored by TLC). The reaction mixture was cooled, neutralized with 1 M HCl and the obtained product was filtered and dried. Pale-yellow block-like crystals were obtained by recrystallization from an ethanol and ethyl acetate solvent mixture by slow evaporation (m.p. 378–379 K).
Refinement
Crystal data, data collection and structure .
details are summarized in Table 2
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Structural data
CCDC reference: 1484421
10.1107/S2414314616014346/su4070sup1.cif
contains datablocks I, Global. DOI:Structure factors: contains datablock I. DOI: 10.1107/S2414314616014346/su4070Isup2.hkl
Supporting information file. DOI: 10.1107/S2414314616014346/su4070Isup3.cml
Data collection: APEX2 (Bruker, 2004); cell
APEX2 and SAINT (Bruker, 2004); data reduction: SAINT and XPREP (Bruker, 2004); program(s) used to solve structure: SIR92 (Altomare et al., 1994); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL2014 (Sheldrick, 2015); molecular graphics: ORTEP-3 for Windows (Farrugia, 2012); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXL2014 (Sheldrick, 2015).C11H10O3 | F(000) = 800 |
Mr = 190.19 | Dx = 1.359 Mg m−3 |
Monoclinic, P21/c | Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å |
a = 26.2392 (8) Å | Cell parameters from 9885 reflections |
b = 5.1197 (1) Å | θ = 2.9–25.3° |
c = 14.2546 (4) Å | µ = 0.10 mm−1 |
β = 103.826 (1)° | T = 296 K |
V = 1859.43 (9) Å3 | Block, pale-yellow |
Z = 8 | 0.30 × 0.25 × 0.25 mm |
Bruker Kappa APEXII CCD diffractometer | 2898 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Radiation source: Sealed tube | Rint = 0.030 |
ω and φ scan | θmax = 26.0°, θmin = 2.4° |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Bruker, 2004) | h = −32→32 |
Tmin = 0.95, Tmax = 0.98 | k = −6→6 |
41449 measured reflections | l = −17→17 |
3665 independent reflections |
Refinement on F2 | Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods |
Least-squares matrix: full | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.039 | Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites |
wR(F2) = 0.115 | H-atom parameters constrained |
S = 1.02 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0566P)2 + 0.5754P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
3665 reflections | (Δ/σ)max = 0.001 |
257 parameters | Δρmax = 0.21 e Å−3 |
0 restraints | Δρmin = −0.19 e Å−3 |
Geometry. All esds (except the esd in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell esds are taken into account individually in the estimation of esds in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between esds in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell esds is used for estimating esds involving l.s. planes. |
x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | ||
C1 | 0.27076 (6) | 0.7110 (3) | 0.91891 (11) | 0.0411 (4) | |
C2 | 0.29455 (6) | 0.9059 (3) | 0.86353 (11) | 0.0450 (4) | |
H2A | 0.3111 | 0.8109 | 0.8198 | 0.054* | |
H2B | 0.2664 | 1.0089 | 0.8242 | 0.054* | |
C3 | 0.33414 (6) | 1.0892 (3) | 0.92134 (10) | 0.0402 (4) | |
C4 | 0.36445 (6) | 1.2734 (3) | 0.88026 (11) | 0.0420 (4) | |
C5 | 0.36823 (7) | 1.3405 (4) | 0.78736 (12) | 0.0535 (4) | |
H5 | 0.3472 | 1.2593 | 0.7334 | 0.064* | |
C6 | 0.40388 (7) | 1.5306 (4) | 0.77748 (13) | 0.0596 (5) | |
H6 | 0.4065 | 1.5762 | 0.7156 | 0.072* | |
C7 | 0.43625 (7) | 1.6574 (4) | 0.85653 (14) | 0.0540 (4) | |
C8 | 0.43251 (7) | 1.5924 (4) | 0.94871 (14) | 0.0554 (5) | |
H8 | 0.4533 | 1.6738 | 1.0028 | 0.067* | |
C9 | 0.39674 (6) | 1.4024 (4) | 0.95759 (11) | 0.0469 (4) | |
C10 | 0.35008 (7) | 1.1210 (4) | 1.01690 (12) | 0.0508 (4) | |
H10 | 0.3368 | 1.0255 | 1.0613 | 0.061* | |
C11 | 0.47501 (8) | 1.8610 (4) | 0.84131 (18) | 0.0741 (6) | |
H11A | 0.4714 | 2.0151 | 0.8775 | 0.111* | |
H11B | 0.4683 | 1.9036 | 0.7739 | 0.111* | |
H11C | 0.5100 | 1.7938 | 0.8628 | 0.111* | |
O1 | 0.23573 (5) | 0.5612 (2) | 0.86242 (8) | 0.0542 (3) | |
H1 | 0.2237 | 0.4577 | 0.8955 | 0.081* | |
O2 | 0.28234 (5) | 0.6905 (2) | 1.00640 (8) | 0.0518 (3) | |
O3 | 0.38825 (5) | 1.3103 (3) | 1.04283 (8) | 0.0594 (3) | |
C12 | 0.21368 (6) | 0.1683 (3) | 1.05349 (11) | 0.0386 (3) | |
C13 | 0.19482 (6) | −0.0334 (3) | 1.11280 (10) | 0.0419 (4) | |
H13A | 0.2247 | −0.1402 | 1.1435 | 0.050* | |
H13B | 0.1831 | 0.0563 | 1.1638 | 0.050* | |
C14 | 0.15189 (6) | −0.2120 (3) | 1.06360 (10) | 0.0374 (3) | |
C15 | 0.12797 (6) | −0.4013 (3) | 1.11542 (10) | 0.0350 (3) | |
C16 | 0.13567 (6) | −0.4802 (3) | 1.21139 (10) | 0.0394 (3) | |
H16 | 0.1619 | −0.4053 | 1.2595 | 0.047* | |
C17 | 0.10345 (6) | −0.6724 (3) | 1.23336 (10) | 0.0413 (4) | |
H17 | 0.1087 | −0.7270 | 1.2972 | 0.050* | |
C18 | 0.06324 (6) | −0.7879 (3) | 1.16331 (11) | 0.0402 (3) | |
C19 | 0.05549 (6) | −0.7099 (3) | 1.06785 (11) | 0.0453 (4) | |
H19 | 0.0290 | −0.7826 | 1.0197 | 0.054* | |
C20 | 0.08840 (6) | −0.5213 (3) | 1.04675 (10) | 0.0409 (4) | |
C21 | 0.12600 (7) | −0.2342 (4) | 0.97102 (11) | 0.0498 (4) | |
H21 | 0.1336 | −0.1348 | 0.9214 | 0.060* | |
C22 | 0.02904 (7) | −0.9954 (3) | 1.19135 (13) | 0.0508 (4) | |
H22A | −0.0071 | −0.9579 | 1.1620 | 0.076* | |
H22B | 0.0343 | −0.9980 | 1.2603 | 0.076* | |
H22C | 0.0381 | −1.1626 | 1.1695 | 0.076* | |
O4 | 0.24869 (4) | 0.3244 (2) | 1.10770 (8) | 0.0502 (3) | |
H4 | 0.2582 | 0.4340 | 1.0735 | 0.075* | |
O5 | 0.19955 (5) | 0.1894 (2) | 0.96586 (8) | 0.0491 (3) | |
O6 | 0.08679 (5) | −0.4203 (3) | 0.95682 (7) | 0.0548 (3) |
U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
C1 | 0.0426 (8) | 0.0394 (8) | 0.0417 (8) | 0.0048 (7) | 0.0105 (7) | 0.0023 (7) |
C2 | 0.0506 (9) | 0.0463 (9) | 0.0383 (8) | −0.0032 (7) | 0.0110 (7) | 0.0034 (7) |
C3 | 0.0392 (8) | 0.0435 (8) | 0.0381 (8) | 0.0042 (7) | 0.0095 (6) | 0.0026 (6) |
C4 | 0.0398 (8) | 0.0444 (9) | 0.0418 (8) | 0.0015 (7) | 0.0095 (6) | −0.0005 (7) |
C5 | 0.0582 (10) | 0.0605 (11) | 0.0415 (9) | −0.0127 (9) | 0.0113 (8) | 0.0008 (8) |
C6 | 0.0613 (11) | 0.0670 (12) | 0.0530 (10) | −0.0115 (10) | 0.0185 (9) | 0.0044 (9) |
C7 | 0.0424 (9) | 0.0512 (10) | 0.0699 (12) | −0.0024 (8) | 0.0167 (8) | 0.0000 (9) |
C8 | 0.0428 (9) | 0.0594 (11) | 0.0613 (11) | −0.0052 (8) | 0.0068 (8) | −0.0118 (9) |
C9 | 0.0409 (8) | 0.0555 (10) | 0.0435 (9) | 0.0017 (7) | 0.0084 (7) | −0.0018 (7) |
C10 | 0.0489 (9) | 0.0616 (11) | 0.0413 (8) | −0.0057 (8) | 0.0096 (7) | 0.0023 (8) |
C11 | 0.0583 (12) | 0.0636 (13) | 0.1043 (17) | −0.0143 (10) | 0.0275 (11) | 0.0002 (12) |
O1 | 0.0595 (7) | 0.0548 (7) | 0.0449 (6) | −0.0142 (6) | 0.0061 (5) | 0.0064 (5) |
O2 | 0.0627 (7) | 0.0525 (7) | 0.0401 (6) | −0.0085 (6) | 0.0123 (5) | 0.0049 (5) |
O3 | 0.0568 (7) | 0.0776 (9) | 0.0407 (6) | −0.0113 (7) | 0.0057 (5) | −0.0041 (6) |
C12 | 0.0412 (8) | 0.0369 (8) | 0.0393 (8) | 0.0051 (6) | 0.0126 (6) | 0.0023 (6) |
C13 | 0.0520 (9) | 0.0393 (8) | 0.0368 (8) | −0.0002 (7) | 0.0151 (7) | 0.0016 (6) |
C14 | 0.0448 (8) | 0.0354 (8) | 0.0349 (7) | 0.0048 (6) | 0.0155 (6) | 0.0017 (6) |
C15 | 0.0386 (7) | 0.0342 (7) | 0.0340 (7) | 0.0037 (6) | 0.0119 (6) | −0.0009 (6) |
C16 | 0.0436 (8) | 0.0436 (8) | 0.0312 (7) | −0.0017 (7) | 0.0093 (6) | −0.0021 (6) |
C17 | 0.0502 (9) | 0.0441 (9) | 0.0320 (7) | −0.0005 (7) | 0.0144 (6) | 0.0012 (6) |
C18 | 0.0433 (8) | 0.0374 (8) | 0.0433 (8) | 0.0017 (7) | 0.0171 (7) | −0.0024 (6) |
C19 | 0.0460 (9) | 0.0474 (9) | 0.0406 (8) | −0.0061 (7) | 0.0065 (7) | −0.0055 (7) |
C20 | 0.0468 (8) | 0.0456 (9) | 0.0302 (7) | 0.0031 (7) | 0.0089 (6) | 0.0015 (6) |
C21 | 0.0604 (10) | 0.0518 (10) | 0.0387 (8) | −0.0042 (8) | 0.0148 (7) | 0.0087 (7) |
C22 | 0.0545 (10) | 0.0444 (9) | 0.0579 (10) | −0.0066 (8) | 0.0222 (8) | −0.0023 (8) |
O4 | 0.0555 (7) | 0.0508 (7) | 0.0439 (6) | −0.0107 (6) | 0.0110 (5) | 0.0048 (5) |
O5 | 0.0591 (7) | 0.0481 (7) | 0.0401 (6) | −0.0065 (6) | 0.0118 (5) | 0.0067 (5) |
O6 | 0.0644 (7) | 0.0654 (8) | 0.0308 (6) | −0.0123 (6) | 0.0041 (5) | 0.0061 (5) |
C1—O2 | 1.2156 (18) | C12—O5 | 1.2199 (17) |
C1—O1 | 1.3143 (19) | C12—O4 | 1.3195 (19) |
C1—C2 | 1.498 (2) | C12—C13 | 1.492 (2) |
C2—C3 | 1.493 (2) | C13—C14 | 1.490 (2) |
C2—H2A | 0.9700 | C13—H13A | 0.9700 |
C2—H2B | 0.9700 | C13—H13B | 0.9700 |
C3—C10 | 1.336 (2) | C14—C21 | 1.337 (2) |
C3—C4 | 1.445 (2) | C14—C15 | 1.449 (2) |
C4—C9 | 1.387 (2) | C15—C20 | 1.389 (2) |
C4—C5 | 1.394 (2) | C15—C16 | 1.3939 (19) |
C5—C6 | 1.380 (2) | C16—C17 | 1.381 (2) |
C5—H5 | 0.9300 | C16—H16 | 0.9300 |
C6—C7 | 1.398 (3) | C17—C18 | 1.399 (2) |
C6—H6 | 0.9300 | C17—H17 | 0.9300 |
C7—C8 | 1.381 (3) | C18—C19 | 1.386 (2) |
C7—C11 | 1.508 (3) | C18—C22 | 1.505 (2) |
C8—C9 | 1.378 (2) | C19—C20 | 1.376 (2) |
C8—H8 | 0.9300 | C19—H19 | 0.9300 |
C9—O3 | 1.3703 (19) | C20—O6 | 1.3736 (17) |
C10—O3 | 1.379 (2) | C21—O6 | 1.381 (2) |
C10—H10 | 0.9300 | C21—H21 | 0.9300 |
C11—H11A | 0.9600 | C22—H22A | 0.9600 |
C11—H11B | 0.9600 | C22—H22B | 0.9600 |
C11—H11C | 0.9600 | C22—H22C | 0.9600 |
O1—H1 | 0.8200 | O4—H4 | 0.8200 |
O2—C1—O1 | 123.02 (15) | O5—C12—O4 | 123.00 (14) |
O2—C1—C2 | 124.38 (15) | O5—C12—C13 | 125.51 (14) |
O1—C1—C2 | 112.59 (13) | O4—C12—C13 | 111.48 (12) |
C3—C2—C1 | 116.77 (13) | C14—C13—C12 | 118.29 (13) |
C3—C2—H2A | 108.1 | C14—C13—H13A | 107.7 |
C1—C2—H2A | 108.1 | C12—C13—H13A | 107.7 |
C3—C2—H2B | 108.1 | C14—C13—H13B | 107.7 |
C1—C2—H2B | 108.1 | C12—C13—H13B | 107.7 |
H2A—C2—H2B | 107.3 | H13A—C13—H13B | 107.1 |
C10—C3—C4 | 105.38 (14) | C21—C14—C15 | 105.47 (14) |
C10—C3—C2 | 130.26 (15) | C21—C14—C13 | 131.71 (14) |
C4—C3—C2 | 124.35 (13) | C15—C14—C13 | 122.78 (13) |
C9—C4—C5 | 117.98 (15) | C20—C15—C16 | 118.18 (14) |
C9—C4—C3 | 106.24 (14) | C20—C15—C14 | 106.17 (12) |
C5—C4—C3 | 135.78 (15) | C16—C15—C14 | 135.65 (14) |
C6—C5—C4 | 118.32 (16) | C17—C16—C15 | 118.42 (14) |
C6—C5—H5 | 120.8 | C17—C16—H16 | 120.8 |
C4—C5—H5 | 120.8 | C15—C16—H16 | 120.8 |
C5—C6—C7 | 122.75 (17) | C16—C17—C18 | 122.52 (14) |
C5—C6—H6 | 118.6 | C16—C17—H17 | 118.7 |
C7—C6—H6 | 118.6 | C18—C17—H17 | 118.7 |
C8—C7—C6 | 119.16 (17) | C19—C18—C17 | 119.20 (14) |
C8—C7—C11 | 120.47 (18) | C19—C18—C22 | 120.47 (14) |
C6—C7—C11 | 120.37 (18) | C17—C18—C22 | 120.33 (14) |
C9—C8—C7 | 117.52 (16) | C20—C19—C18 | 117.67 (14) |
C9—C8—H8 | 121.2 | C20—C19—H19 | 121.2 |
C7—C8—H8 | 121.2 | C18—C19—H19 | 121.2 |
O3—C9—C8 | 125.65 (16) | O6—C20—C19 | 125.98 (14) |
O3—C9—C4 | 110.07 (15) | O6—C20—C15 | 110.01 (13) |
C8—C9—C4 | 124.28 (16) | C19—C20—C15 | 123.99 (13) |
C3—C10—O3 | 112.90 (15) | C14—C21—O6 | 112.83 (14) |
C3—C10—H10 | 123.5 | C14—C21—H21 | 123.6 |
O3—C10—H10 | 123.5 | O6—C21—H21 | 123.6 |
C7—C11—H11A | 109.5 | C18—C22—H22A | 109.5 |
C7—C11—H11B | 109.5 | C18—C22—H22B | 109.5 |
H11A—C11—H11B | 109.5 | H22A—C22—H22B | 109.5 |
C7—C11—H11C | 109.5 | C18—C22—H22C | 109.5 |
H11A—C11—H11C | 109.5 | H22A—C22—H22C | 109.5 |
H11B—C11—H11C | 109.5 | H22B—C22—H22C | 109.5 |
C1—O1—H1 | 109.5 | C12—O4—H4 | 109.5 |
C9—O3—C10 | 105.41 (12) | C20—O6—C21 | 105.51 (12) |
O2—C1—C2—C3 | −1.5 (2) | O5—C12—C13—C14 | −5.5 (2) |
O1—C1—C2—C3 | 178.84 (14) | O4—C12—C13—C14 | 175.09 (13) |
C1—C2—C3—C10 | −4.8 (3) | C12—C13—C14—C21 | 1.9 (3) |
C1—C2—C3—C4 | 174.18 (14) | C12—C13—C14—C15 | −175.21 (13) |
C10—C3—C4—C9 | −0.01 (18) | C21—C14—C15—C20 | −0.51 (17) |
C2—C3—C4—C9 | −179.25 (15) | C13—C14—C15—C20 | 177.27 (14) |
C10—C3—C4—C5 | 179.0 (2) | C21—C14—C15—C16 | 179.70 (17) |
C2—C3—C4—C5 | −0.2 (3) | C13—C14—C15—C16 | −2.5 (3) |
C9—C4—C5—C6 | 0.2 (3) | C20—C15—C16—C17 | −0.4 (2) |
C3—C4—C5—C6 | −178.79 (18) | C14—C15—C16—C17 | 179.42 (15) |
C4—C5—C6—C7 | 0.1 (3) | C15—C16—C17—C18 | −0.7 (2) |
C5—C6—C7—C8 | −0.4 (3) | C16—C17—C18—C19 | 0.7 (2) |
C5—C6—C7—C11 | 179.15 (18) | C16—C17—C18—C22 | −179.62 (14) |
C6—C7—C8—C9 | 0.4 (3) | C17—C18—C19—C20 | 0.3 (2) |
C11—C7—C8—C9 | −179.20 (16) | C22—C18—C19—C20 | −179.35 (14) |
C7—C8—C9—O3 | 178.90 (16) | C18—C19—C20—O6 | 179.90 (14) |
C7—C8—C9—C4 | 0.0 (3) | C18—C19—C20—C15 | −1.4 (2) |
C5—C4—C9—O3 | −179.32 (15) | C16—C15—C20—O6 | −179.69 (13) |
C3—C4—C9—O3 | −0.06 (18) | C14—C15—C20—O6 | 0.48 (17) |
C5—C4—C9—C8 | −0.2 (3) | C16—C15—C20—C19 | 1.4 (2) |
C3—C4—C9—C8 | 179.03 (16) | C14—C15—C20—C19 | −178.39 (15) |
C4—C3—C10—O3 | 0.08 (19) | C15—C14—C21—O6 | 0.37 (19) |
C2—C3—C10—O3 | 179.25 (15) | C13—C14—C21—O6 | −177.13 (15) |
C8—C9—O3—C10 | −178.97 (17) | C19—C20—O6—C21 | 178.57 (16) |
C4—C9—O3—C10 | 0.11 (18) | C15—C20—O6—C21 | −0.27 (18) |
C3—C10—O3—C9 | −0.12 (19) | C14—C21—O6—C20 | −0.08 (19) |
Cg1 and Cg2 are the centroid of rings C4–C9 and C15–C20, respectively. |
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
O1—H1···O5 | 0.82 | 1.90 | 2.7144 (15) | 174 |
O4—H4···O2 | 0.82 | 1.83 | 2.6432 (15) | 175 |
C10—H10···O2 | 0.93 | 2.25 | 2.813 (2) | 118 |
C21—H21···O5 | 0.93 | 2.37 | 2.916 (2) | 117 |
C2—H2A···Cg1i | 0.97 | 2.88 | 3.5629 (18) | 128 |
C11—H11A···Cg1ii | 0.96 | 2.95 | 3.733 (2) | 140 |
C13—H13B···Cg2ii | 0.97 | 2.86 | 3.5233 (17) | 126 |
C22—H22C···Cg2i | 0.96 | 2.77 | 3.6955 (18) | 162 |
Symmetry codes: (i) x, y−1, z; (ii) x, y+1, z. |
Acknowledgements
MB thanks the UGC–SWRO, Bangalore, for providing a Minor Research Project (Ref. No. 1415-MRP/14–15/KAKA067/UGC-SWRO, Diary No. 1709). The authors also thank the SAIF IIT Madras, Chennai, India, for the data collection.
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