organic compounds
(E)-2-[(2-Butyl-4-chloro-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methylidene]-N-methylhydrazine-1-carbothioamide monohydrate
aDepartment of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517 502, India, bDepartment of Chemical Engineering, CBIT, Gandipet, Hyderabad 500 075, India, cDepartment of Environmental Engineering and Green Technology (EGT), Malaysia–Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and dSchool of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 032, India
*Correspondence e-mail: ammireddyv@yahoo.co.in
The title thiosemicarbazide derivative, C10H16ClN5S·H2O, crystallized as a monohydrate. The molecule has an E conformation about the azomethine C=N bond that links the methylhydrazine-1-carbothioamide moiety to the imidazole ring. The butyl chain substituent on the imdazole ring is disordered over two sets of sites, with a refined occupancy ratio of 0.509 (9):0.491 (9). In the crystal, molecules are linked by O—H⋯N and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving the solvent water molecule, forming chains along the c-axis direction. The chains are linked by O—H⋯S and N—H⋯S hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional framework.
Keywords: crystal structure; thiosemicarbazone; imidazole; hydrogen bonding; three-dimensional framework.
CCDC reference: 1506723
Structure description
Thiosemicarbazones belongs to a large group of thiourea derivatives which are derived from aldehyde and ). The co-ordination chemistry of thiosemicarbazones has been described (Sreekanth et al., 2004; Beraldo et al., 2001; Mazlan et al., 2014).
The biological activities of these compounds depends on the parent aldehyde or ketone (Beraldo & Gambinob, 2004The title thiosemicarbazide derivative, Fig. 1, crystallized as a monohydrate. The molecule has an E conformation about azomethine C3=N3 bond that links the methylhydrazine-1-carbothioamide moiety to the imidazole ring.
In the crystal, molecules are linked by O—H⋯N and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving the solvent water molecule, forming chains along the c-axis direction (Table 1 and Fig. 2). The chains are linked by O—H⋯S and N—H⋯S hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional framework (Table 1 and Fig. 2).
Synthesis and crystallization
An ethanol solution (10 ml) of 2-butyl-4-chloro-5-formylimidazole (0.02 moles, 3.74 g) was added slowly to a hot ethanol solution (10 ml) of 4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazide (0.02 moles, 2.12 g) under constant stirring. The mixture was refluxed for ca 3 h and the precipitate formed was collected by filtration, washed with dry ethanol and dried in vacuo. Yellow block-like crystals were obtained by slow evaporation of a solution in ethanol after 15 days.
Refinement
Crystal data, data collection and structure . Elongated displacement ellipsoids on atoms C8, C9, and C10 suggested disorder. It was modelled successfully between two positions with a refined occupancy ratio of 0.509 (9):0.491 (9) for atoms C8A:C8, C9A:C9 and C10A:C10. Several restraints and/or constraints were necessary to keep bond distances, angles, and displacement ellipsoids meaningful.
details are summarized in Table 2Structural data
CCDC reference: 1506723
10.1107/S2414314616015145/su4057sup1.cif
contains datablocks Global, I. DOI:Structure factors: contains datablock I. DOI: 10.1107/S2414314616015145/su4057Isup2.hkl
Supporting information file. DOI: 10.1107/S2414314616015145/su4057Isup3.cml
Data collection: SAINT (Bruker, 2004); cell
SMART (Bruker, 2004); data reduction: SAINT (Bruker, 2004); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL2014 (Sheldrick, 2015); molecular graphics: OLEX2 (Dolomanov et al., 2009) and Mercury (Macrae et al., 2008); software used to prepare material for publication: OLEX2 (Dolomanov et al., 2009).C10H16ClN5S·H2O | F(000) = 616 |
Mr = 291.80 | Dx = 1.252 Mg m−3 |
Monoclinic, P21/c | Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å |
a = 6.494 (4) Å | Cell parameters from 5524 reflections |
b = 17.665 (10) Å | θ = 2.3–24.9° |
c = 13.508 (8) Å | µ = 0.38 mm−1 |
β = 92.402 (9)° | T = 300 K |
V = 1548.2 (16) Å3 | Block, yellow |
Z = 4 | 0.3 × 0.2 × 0.14 mm |
Bruker SMART CCD area detector diffractometer | 2347 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Graphite monochromator | Rint = 0.039 |
phi and ω scans | θmax = 26.5°, θmin = 1.9° |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Bruker, 2004) | h = −8→8 |
Tmin = 0.895, Tmax = 0.949 | k = −22→21 |
15205 measured reflections | l = −16→16 |
3151 independent reflections |
Refinement on F2 | Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods |
Least-squares matrix: full | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.049 | Hydrogen site location: mixed |
wR(F2) = 0.150 | H-atom parameters constrained |
S = 1.03 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0896P)2 + 0.1249P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
3151 reflections | (Δ/σ)max = 0.001 |
192 parameters | Δρmax = 0.23 e Å−3 |
90 restraints | Δρmin = −0.31 e Å−3 |
Geometry. All esds (except the esd in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell esds are taken into account individually in the estimation of esds in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between esds in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell esds is used for estimating esds involving l.s. planes. |
Refinement. 1. Fixed Uiso At 1.2 times of: All C(H) groups, All C(H,H) groups, All C(H,H,H,H) groups, All N(H) groups At 1.5 times of: All C(H,H,H) groups, All O(H,H) groups 2. Restrained distances C9A-C10A = C9-C10 = C9-C8 = C9A-C8A = C8-C7 = C8A-C7 1.54 with sigma of 0.02 3. Uiso/Uaniso restraints and constraints C8 ~C8A ~C9 ~C9A ~C10 ~C10A: within 1.7A with sigma of 0.02 and sigma for terminal atoms of 0.02 4. Rigid body (RIGU) restrains C8, C8A, C9, C9A, C10, C10A with sigma for 1-2 distances of 0.004 and sigma for 1-3 distances of 0.004 5. Others Sof(H7BC)=Sof(H7BD)=Sof(C8A)=Sof(H8AA)=Sof(H8AB)=Sof(C9A)=Sof(H9AA)=Sof(H9AB)= Sof(C10A)=Sof(H10D)=Sof(H10E)=Sof(H10F)=1-FVAR(1) Sof(H7AA)=Sof(H7AB)=Sof(C8)=Sof(H8A)=Sof(H8B)=Sof(C9)=Sof(H9A)=Sof(H9B)= Sof(C10)=Sof(H10A)=Sof(H10B)=Sof(H10C)=FVAR(1) 6.a Riding coordinates: O1(H1D,H1E) 6.b Secondary CH2 refined with riding coordinates: C7(H7AA,H7AB), C7(H7BC,H7BD), C8(H8A,H8B), C8A(H8AA,H8AB), C9(H9A,H9B), C9A(H9AA,H9AB) 6.c Me refined with riding coordinates: C10(H10A,H10B,H10C), C10A(H10D,H10E,H10F) 6.d Aromatic/amide H refined with riding coordinates: N1(H1), N4(H4), N5(H5), C3(H3) 6.e Idealised Me refined as rotating group: C1(H1A,H1B,H1C) |
x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | Occ. (<1) | |
Cl1 | 1.09917 (13) | 0.28647 (5) | 1.33664 (5) | 0.1203 (3) | |
S1 | 1.40870 (8) | 0.50705 (3) | 0.84042 (4) | 0.0775 (2) | |
N1 | 0.7716 (2) | 0.30301 (9) | 1.09668 (13) | 0.0680 (4) | |
H1 | 0.7390 | 0.3177 | 1.0374 | 0.082* | |
N2 | 0.7516 (3) | 0.24365 (10) | 1.23866 (15) | 0.0803 (5) | |
N3 | 1.0786 (2) | 0.39480 (9) | 1.02455 (12) | 0.0676 (4) | |
N4 | 1.2297 (2) | 0.43919 (9) | 0.98710 (13) | 0.0713 (4) | |
H4 | 1.3325 | 0.4541 | 1.0243 | 0.086* | |
N5 | 1.0461 (3) | 0.43806 (11) | 0.84178 (13) | 0.0777 (5) | |
H5 | 0.9546 | 0.4141 | 0.8737 | 0.093* | |
C1 | 1.0031 (4) | 0.45223 (17) | 0.73736 (19) | 0.1025 (8) | |
H1A | 0.9799 | 0.5054 | 0.7270 | 0.154* | |
H1B | 0.8824 | 0.4245 | 0.7155 | 0.154* | |
H1C | 1.1184 | 0.4362 | 0.7004 | 0.154* | |
C2 | 1.2143 (3) | 0.45908 (10) | 0.89093 (15) | 0.0650 (5) | |
C3 | 1.0989 (3) | 0.37222 (11) | 1.11367 (16) | 0.0689 (5) | |
H3 | 1.2117 | 0.3870 | 1.1538 | 0.083* | |
C4 | 0.9444 (3) | 0.32364 (11) | 1.15086 (14) | 0.0668 (5) | |
C5 | 0.9271 (3) | 0.28602 (12) | 1.23801 (17) | 0.0776 (6) | |
C6 | 0.6607 (3) | 0.25575 (11) | 1.15151 (18) | 0.0726 (5) | |
C7 | 0.4665 (4) | 0.21935 (15) | 1.1134 (2) | 0.0981 (8) | |
H7AA | 0.3930 | 0.2024 | 1.1704 | 0.118* | 0.491 (9) |
H7AB | 0.3830 | 0.2585 | 1.0812 | 0.118* | 0.491 (9) |
H7BC | 0.4113 | 0.2473 | 1.0565 | 0.118* | 0.509 (9) |
H7BD | 0.3654 | 0.2206 | 1.1642 | 0.118* | 0.509 (9) |
C8 | 0.4739 (19) | 0.1576 (8) | 1.0468 (9) | 0.138 (4) | 0.491 (9) |
H8A | 0.4192 | 0.1769 | 0.9838 | 0.166* | 0.491 (9) |
H8B | 0.3732 | 0.1216 | 1.0692 | 0.166* | 0.491 (9) |
C8A | 0.5058 (15) | 0.1367 (5) | 1.0833 (7) | 0.101 (2) | 0.509 (9) |
H8AA | 0.3772 | 0.1097 | 1.0707 | 0.122* | 0.509 (9) |
H8AB | 0.5871 | 0.1102 | 1.1343 | 0.122* | 0.509 (9) |
C9 | 0.6576 (17) | 0.1117 (7) | 1.0227 (7) | 0.141 (3) | 0.491 (9) |
H9A | 0.6684 | 0.0647 | 1.0598 | 0.169* | 0.491 (9) |
H9B | 0.7858 | 0.1398 | 1.0288 | 0.169* | 0.491 (9) |
C9A | 0.6316 (17) | 0.1452 (5) | 0.9831 (7) | 0.130 (3) | 0.509 (9) |
H9AA | 0.5431 | 0.1671 | 0.9310 | 0.157* | 0.509 (9) |
H9AB | 0.7488 | 0.1785 | 0.9949 | 0.157* | 0.509 (9) |
C10 | 0.5775 (17) | 0.1002 (7) | 0.9120 (6) | 0.157 (3) | 0.491 (9) |
H10A | 0.6748 | 0.0702 | 0.8776 | 0.235* | 0.491 (9) |
H10B | 0.4467 | 0.0747 | 0.9108 | 0.235* | 0.491 (9) |
H10C | 0.5621 | 0.1486 | 0.8803 | 0.235* | 0.491 (9) |
C10A | 0.708 (2) | 0.0645 (5) | 0.9501 (9) | 0.173 (4) | 0.509 (9) |
H10D | 0.7830 | 0.0693 | 0.8906 | 0.259* | 0.509 (9) |
H10E | 0.7966 | 0.0433 | 1.0016 | 0.259* | 0.509 (9) |
H10F | 0.5915 | 0.0319 | 0.9379 | 0.259* | 0.509 (9) |
O1 | 0.6591 (2) | 0.15312 (9) | 1.40012 (11) | 0.0909 (5) | |
H1D | 0.6078 | 0.1117 | 1.3785 | 0.136* | |
H1E | 0.6784 | 0.1808 | 1.3499 | 0.136* |
U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
Cl1 | 0.1252 (6) | 0.1591 (8) | 0.0757 (5) | −0.0300 (5) | −0.0068 (4) | 0.0263 (4) |
S1 | 0.0773 (4) | 0.0824 (4) | 0.0740 (4) | −0.0057 (2) | 0.0155 (3) | 0.0169 (3) |
N1 | 0.0741 (9) | 0.0658 (9) | 0.0648 (10) | 0.0046 (7) | 0.0131 (8) | 0.0015 (8) |
N2 | 0.0886 (11) | 0.0791 (11) | 0.0750 (13) | −0.0082 (9) | 0.0248 (10) | 0.0076 (9) |
N3 | 0.0701 (9) | 0.0660 (9) | 0.0678 (11) | −0.0028 (7) | 0.0160 (7) | 0.0061 (8) |
N4 | 0.0708 (9) | 0.0766 (10) | 0.0671 (11) | −0.0081 (8) | 0.0091 (8) | 0.0110 (8) |
N5 | 0.0788 (11) | 0.0886 (12) | 0.0664 (11) | −0.0083 (9) | 0.0103 (9) | 0.0075 (9) |
C1 | 0.1038 (17) | 0.132 (2) | 0.0707 (16) | −0.0195 (16) | −0.0034 (13) | 0.0140 (15) |
C2 | 0.0692 (11) | 0.0610 (11) | 0.0656 (12) | 0.0053 (8) | 0.0138 (9) | 0.0047 (9) |
C3 | 0.0759 (11) | 0.0653 (11) | 0.0661 (13) | −0.0026 (9) | 0.0101 (9) | 0.0034 (9) |
C4 | 0.0760 (11) | 0.0633 (11) | 0.0619 (12) | −0.0017 (9) | 0.0146 (9) | 0.0001 (9) |
C5 | 0.0891 (14) | 0.0808 (13) | 0.0636 (13) | −0.0051 (11) | 0.0133 (10) | 0.0068 (10) |
C6 | 0.0743 (11) | 0.0682 (12) | 0.0771 (15) | 0.0021 (9) | 0.0231 (10) | −0.0008 (10) |
C7 | 0.0727 (13) | 0.0956 (17) | 0.127 (2) | −0.0029 (12) | 0.0189 (13) | 0.0024 (16) |
C8 | 0.123 (6) | 0.180 (8) | 0.110 (7) | −0.019 (5) | −0.016 (5) | −0.040 (6) |
C8A | 0.086 (4) | 0.115 (5) | 0.101 (5) | −0.017 (3) | −0.013 (4) | −0.027 (4) |
C9 | 0.173 (5) | 0.138 (7) | 0.111 (6) | 0.018 (5) | −0.001 (5) | −0.024 (5) |
C9A | 0.165 (6) | 0.119 (5) | 0.109 (6) | −0.019 (4) | 0.027 (5) | −0.041 (4) |
C10 | 0.182 (7) | 0.172 (7) | 0.115 (5) | 0.007 (6) | 0.003 (5) | −0.018 (5) |
C10A | 0.227 (8) | 0.136 (6) | 0.159 (7) | −0.014 (5) | 0.057 (6) | −0.057 (5) |
O1 | 0.1094 (11) | 0.0934 (10) | 0.0699 (10) | −0.0319 (9) | 0.0023 (8) | 0.0073 (8) |
Cl1—C5 | 1.703 (3) | C7—H7BD | 0.9700 |
S1—C2 | 1.688 (2) | C7—C8 | 1.415 (11) |
N1—H1 | 0.8600 | C7—C8A | 1.540 (9) |
N1—C4 | 1.363 (3) | C8—H8A | 0.9700 |
N1—C6 | 1.345 (3) | C8—H8B | 0.9700 |
N2—C5 | 1.364 (3) | C8—C9 | 1.490 (13) |
N2—C6 | 1.312 (3) | C8A—H8AA | 0.9700 |
N3—N4 | 1.370 (2) | C8A—H8AB | 0.9700 |
N3—C3 | 1.270 (3) | C8A—C9A | 1.617 (12) |
N4—H4 | 0.8600 | C9—H9A | 0.9700 |
N4—C2 | 1.345 (3) | C9—H9B | 0.9700 |
N5—H5 | 0.8600 | C9—C10 | 1.575 (12) |
N5—C1 | 1.448 (3) | C9A—H9AA | 0.9700 |
N5—C2 | 1.308 (3) | C9A—H9AB | 0.9700 |
C1—H1A | 0.9600 | C9A—C10A | 1.580 (12) |
C1—H1B | 0.9600 | C10—H10A | 0.9600 |
C1—H1C | 0.9600 | C10—H10B | 0.9600 |
C3—H3 | 0.9300 | C10—H10C | 0.9600 |
C3—C4 | 1.428 (3) | C10A—H10D | 0.9600 |
C4—C5 | 1.361 (3) | C10A—H10E | 0.9600 |
C6—C7 | 1.488 (3) | C10A—H10F | 0.9600 |
C7—H7AA | 0.9700 | O1—H1D | 0.8500 |
C7—H7AB | 0.9700 | O1—H1E | 0.8500 |
C7—H7BC | 0.9700 | ||
C4—N1—H1 | 125.7 | C8—C7—H7AB | 107.3 |
C6—N1—H1 | 125.7 | C8A—C7—H7BC | 109.5 |
C6—N1—C4 | 108.54 (19) | C8A—C7—H7BD | 109.5 |
C6—N2—C5 | 104.44 (17) | C7—C8—H8A | 105.5 |
C3—N3—N4 | 118.86 (17) | C7—C8—H8B | 105.5 |
N3—N4—H4 | 120.6 | C7—C8—C9 | 127.4 (10) |
C2—N4—N3 | 118.74 (17) | H8A—C8—H8B | 106.0 |
C2—N4—H4 | 120.6 | C9—C8—H8A | 105.5 |
C1—N5—H5 | 117.7 | C9—C8—H8B | 105.5 |
C2—N5—H5 | 117.7 | C7—C8A—H8AA | 111.1 |
C2—N5—C1 | 124.62 (18) | C7—C8A—H8AB | 111.1 |
N5—C1—H1A | 109.5 | C7—C8A—C9A | 103.1 (7) |
N5—C1—H1B | 109.5 | H8AA—C8A—H8AB | 109.1 |
N5—C1—H1C | 109.5 | C9A—C8A—H8AA | 111.1 |
H1A—C1—H1B | 109.5 | C9A—C8A—H8AB | 111.1 |
H1A—C1—H1C | 109.5 | C8—C9—H9A | 113.2 |
H1B—C1—H1C | 109.5 | C8—C9—H9B | 113.2 |
N4—C2—S1 | 119.65 (16) | C8—C9—C10 | 92.4 (10) |
N5—C2—S1 | 124.06 (17) | H9A—C9—H9B | 110.6 |
N5—C2—N4 | 116.27 (17) | C10—C9—H9A | 113.2 |
N3—C3—H3 | 120.8 | C10—C9—H9B | 113.2 |
N3—C3—C4 | 118.4 (2) | C8A—C9A—H9AA | 109.8 |
C4—C3—H3 | 120.8 | C8A—C9A—H9AB | 109.8 |
N1—C4—C3 | 123.13 (19) | H9AA—C9A—H9AB | 108.3 |
C5—C4—N1 | 103.76 (18) | C10A—C9A—C8A | 109.2 (9) |
C5—C4—C3 | 133.1 (2) | C10A—C9A—H9AA | 109.8 |
N2—C5—Cl1 | 121.25 (17) | C10A—C9A—H9AB | 109.8 |
C4—C5—Cl1 | 126.82 (18) | C9—C10—H10A | 109.5 |
C4—C5—N2 | 111.9 (2) | C9—C10—H10B | 109.5 |
N1—C6—C7 | 122.9 (2) | C9—C10—H10C | 109.5 |
N2—C6—N1 | 111.4 (2) | H10A—C10—H10B | 109.5 |
N2—C6—C7 | 125.6 (2) | H10A—C10—H10C | 109.5 |
C6—C7—H7AA | 107.3 | H10B—C10—H10C | 109.5 |
C6—C7—H7AB | 107.3 | C9A—C10A—H10D | 109.5 |
C6—C7—H7BC | 109.5 | C9A—C10A—H10E | 109.5 |
C6—C7—H7BD | 109.5 | C9A—C10A—H10F | 109.5 |
C6—C7—C8A | 110.7 (4) | H10D—C10A—H10E | 109.5 |
H7AA—C7—H7AB | 106.9 | H10D—C10A—H10F | 109.5 |
H7BC—C7—H7BD | 108.1 | H10E—C10A—H10F | 109.5 |
C8—C7—C6 | 120.1 (5) | H1D—O1—H1E | 106.8 |
C8—C7—H7AA | 107.3 | ||
N1—C4—C5—Cl1 | 178.29 (17) | C3—C4—C5—N2 | −177.9 (2) |
N1—C4—C5—N2 | 0.0 (2) | C4—N1—C6—N2 | −0.4 (2) |
N1—C6—C7—C8 | 75.8 (8) | C4—N1—C6—C7 | −177.11 (19) |
N1—C6—C7—C8A | 101.2 (4) | C5—N2—C6—N1 | 0.4 (2) |
N2—C6—C7—C8 | −100.3 (8) | C5—N2—C6—C7 | 177.0 (2) |
N2—C6—C7—C8A | −75.0 (5) | C6—N1—C4—C3 | 178.42 (17) |
N3—N4—C2—S1 | −174.50 (13) | C6—N1—C4—C5 | 0.2 (2) |
N3—N4—C2—N5 | 4.4 (3) | C6—N2—C5—Cl1 | −178.66 (17) |
N3—C3—C4—N1 | −3.0 (3) | C6—N2—C5—C4 | −0.3 (2) |
N3—C3—C4—C5 | 174.6 (2) | C6—C7—C8—C9 | 13 (2) |
N4—N3—C3—C4 | −177.68 (16) | C6—C7—C8A—C9A | −72.0 (8) |
C1—N5—C2—S1 | 0.5 (3) | C7—C8—C9—C10 | −146.0 (13) |
C1—N5—C2—N4 | −178.3 (2) | C7—C8A—C9A—C10A | 172.9 (8) |
C3—N3—N4—C2 | 175.86 (17) | C8—C7—C8A—C9A | 45.5 (17) |
C3—C4—C5—Cl1 | 0.4 (4) | C8A—C7—C8—C9 | −60.1 (16) |
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
O1—H1E···N2 | 0.85 | 1.94 | 2.790 (3) | 174 |
N1—H1···O1i | 0.86 | 1.97 | 2.832 (3) | 177 |
N5—H5···O1i | 0.86 | 2.30 | 3.114 (3) | 159 |
O1—H1D···S1ii | 0.85 | 2.51 | 3.345 (2) | 169 |
N4—H4···S1iii | 0.86 | 2.52 | 3.374 (2) | 169 |
Symmetry codes: (i) x, −y+1/2, z−1/2; (ii) x−1, −y+1/2, z+1/2; (iii) −x+3, −y+1, −z+2. |
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the UGC, Government of India, New Delhi, for financial assistance in the form of the award of a Meritorious Research Fellowship. ASR thanks the School of Chemistry, UGC Networking Resource Centre, University of Hyderabad, for use of the single-crystal X-ray Diffraction facility, and also sincerely thanks Dr G. Bhargavi, School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, for her guidance.
References
Beraldo, H. & Gambinob, D. (2004). Mini Rev. Med. Chem. 4, 31–39. Web of Science PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Beraldo, H., Lima, R., Teixeira, L. R., Moura, A. A. & West, D. X. (2001). J. Mol. Struct. 559, 99–106. Web of Science CSD CrossRef CAS Google Scholar
Bruker (2004). APEX2, SAINT and SADABS. Bruker AXS Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Google Scholar
Dolomanov, O. V., Bourhis, L. J., Gildea, R. J., Howard, J. A. K. & Puschmann, H. (2009). J. Appl. Cryst. 42, 339–341. Web of Science CrossRef CAS IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Macrae, C. F., Bruno, I. J., Chisholm, J. A., Edgington, P. R., McCabe, P., Pidcock, E., Rodriguez-Monge, L., Taylor, R., van de Streek, J. & Wood, P. A. (2008). J. Appl. Cryst. 41, 466–470. Web of Science CSD CrossRef CAS IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Mazlan, N. A., Ravoof, T. B. S., Tiekink, E. R. T., Tahir, M. I. M., Veerakumarasivam, A. & Crouse, K. A. (2014). Transition Met. Chem. 39, 633–639. Web of Science CSD CrossRef CAS Google Scholar
Sheldrick, G. M. (2008). Acta Cryst. A64, 112–122. Web of Science CrossRef CAS IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Sheldrick, G. M. (2015). Acta Cryst. C71, 3–8. Web of Science CrossRef IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Sreekanth, A., Kala, U. L., Nayar, C. R. & Kurup, M. R. P. (2004). Polyhedron, 23, 41–47. Web of Science CSD CrossRef CAS Google Scholar
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and source are cited.