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Figure 4
The idea of the Shake LFPSO algorithm. The red line represents a cost function in a single dimension. Dark red arrows indicate location and velocity vectors of particles (solutions) in the population Xt. (a) Shake condition: all particles are trapped in a local minimum. (b) Shaking event: location and velocities of all particles are randomized on the basis of Pgbest. The maximum of the velocities is multiplied by k1, while [X^2_{\rm GB}] is lifted by a factor k2. (c) After LFPSO leap, the best new solution Pgbest is found.

Journal logoJOURNAL OF
APPLIED
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
ISSN: 1600-5767
Volume 57| Part 2| April 2024| Pages 555-566
https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576724001031
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